In 2004, a construction crew digging four feet under Lower Manhattan struck a 13-foot yellow pine log with its bark still on and a six-inch hole bored straight through its center. It had been…

In October of 2004, a construction crew working at Coenties Slip in Lower Manhattan hit something four feet down. It was a log—yellow pine, more than thirteen feet long, thirty inches through, with the bark still on it. Running straight down the middle of that log was a hole six inches wide. It had been … Read more

On June 22, 1941, Hitler launched Operation Barbarossa, unleashing the largest invasion in history against Stalin’s Soviet Union. The Red Army, weakened by political purges, was caught completely…

On the 2nd of December 1941, a small number of German light vehicles and motorcycle combinations rolled into the township of Khimki, close to the Moscow Ring Road. The men of the Panzer Pioneer battalion of the 250th Infantry Division believed they had discovered a gap in the Soviet lines. They pushed through it and … Read more

In 1851, a 21-year-old Apache man named Goyakla returned from trading in a Mexican town to find women and children running toward him with news that soldiers had struck his camp. About 400…

It is late afternoon in the early spring of 1851, outside the Mexican town of Janos in Chihuahua. A young Apache man, about twenty-one years old, is walking back from town with the other men of his band after a day of trading. There is peace between his people and this town; that is why … Read more

In 1753, Virginia’s governor handed a 22-year-old surveyor named George Washington a letter for the French commander and sent him into the Ohio wilderness to learn what the French were building…

The shot came from no more than fifteen paces off, and the ball whistled past Christopher Gist and young Major George Washington before burying itself harmlessly in the frozen woods. The Indian guide who had been leading them through the Pennsylvania wilderness had suddenly wheeled, raised his gun, and fired. Washington, then twenty-two years old … Read more

In July 1861, at a Pony Express station on Rock Creek in Nebraska Territory, a dispute over unpaid money turned deadly. David McCanles arrived with his twelve-year-old son Monroe and two other…

The rifle ball took David McCandless square in the heart, and the big man toppled backward off the doorstep onto the Nebraska dirt. His twelve-year-old son Monroe, standing at his side, watched him raise himself to an almost sitting position, take one last look as though he wanted to speak, and then fall back dead. … Read more

In October 1943, the Gestapo arrested Noor Inayat Khan at her safe house in occupied Paris. She was the last Allied wireless operator still transmitting from the city, the only radio link between…

In this photograph, she is twenty-nine years old, wearing the uniform of the Women’s Auxiliary Air Force. There is something in her expression that does not quite fit. She looks like the sort of person who would be kind to you on a bad day, not someone three months away from being the only Allied … Read more

In 1821, after more than a decade of work, a Cherokee man named Sequoyah completed an 86-character syllabary for his people’s spoken language. It was NaN

In 1821, after more than a decade of careful work, a Cherokee man named Sequoyah completed a writing system for his people’s language. It was not an alphabet but an 86-character syllabary, with each symbol representing a syllable rather than a single sound. Within a few years, thousands of Cherokee people had learned to read … Read more

In 1757, Spanish priests and a hundred soldiers built a mission and presidio at San Saba, deep in what they believed was Apache territory. The Apache NaN

The Comanche arrived at the gates of San Sabá as dawn broke on March 16, 1758, their war cries echoing across the Texas plains. More than sixty Spanish horses had vanished during the night, and a reconnaissance party of fifteen soldiers had barely made it back inside the presidio walls, reporting that the hills were … Read more

On October 14, 2009, FBI agents stormed a 12-acre Greenwich estate belonging to Carter Vanderbilt, fourth-generation Wall Street royalty, whose penthoNaN

At dawn on October 14, 2009, FBI agents swept across a twelve-acre estate in Greenwich, Connecticut. The man they were looking for was not a mob boss or a drug kingpin. He was Carter Vanderbilt, a fourth-generation Wall Street heir, married to one of Manhattan’s most connected women, a trustee of three Ivy League endowments, … Read more

In March 1883, at one of New York’s most extravagant masquerade balls, Alice Vanderbilt stunned the crowd in a gown wired to carry electric current, sNaN

In 1845, Alice Clay Gwyn was born into a distinguished American family in Cincinnati, Ohio, a modest town on the verge of becoming a leading city of the expanding Midwest. Her mother’s father had served as mayor of New Haven, Connecticut, and her ancestors included veterans of the Revolutionary War. But when Alice was just … Read more